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class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5knd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/copilot" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_copilot&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy 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1.954v1.625c0 .468.391.734.86.547C13.781 14.359 16 11.53 16 8.03 16 3.61 12.406 0 7.984 0 3.563 0 0 3.61 0 8.031a7.88 7.88 0 0 0 5.172 7.422c.422.156.828-.125.828-.547v-1.25c-.219.094-.5.156-.75.156-1.031 0-1.64-.562-2.078-1.609-.172-.422-.36-.672-.719-.719-.187-.015-.25-.093-.25-.187 0-.188.313-.328.625-.328.453 0 .844.281 1.25.86.313.452.64.655 1.031.655s.641-.14 1-.5c.266-.265.47-.5.657-.656"></path></svg>GitHub Copilot app</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Direct agents from issue to merge</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/mcp" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-mcp NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.52 1.12a3.578 3.578 0 0 1 6.078 2.98 3.578 3.578 0 0 1 2.982 6.08l-3.292 3.293a.252.252 0 0 0 0 .354l.843.843a.749.749 0 1 1-1.06 1.06l-.844-.843a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0-2.474L13.52 9.12a2.08 2.08 0 0 0 0-2.94 2.08 2.08 0 0 0-2.94 0L7.731 9.03A.75.75 0 0 1 6.67 7.97l2.85-2.85a2.08 2.08 0 0 0 0-2.94 2.08 2.08 0 0 0-2.94 0l-4.799 4.8A.75.75 0 0 1 .72 5.92Z"></path><path d="M7.52 3.12a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06L5.731 7.03A2.079 2.079 0 0 0 8.67 9.97l2.85-2.85a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-2.849 2.85A3.578 3.578 0 0 1 4.67 5.97Z"></path></svg>MCP Registry</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Integrate external tools</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9knd_">DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9knd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/actions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;actions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;actions_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-workflow NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h3.5C6.216 0 7 .784 7 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5.25 7H4v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4v-1.25C9 9.784 9.784 9 10.75 9h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 14.25v-.75H5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 11V7h-.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 5.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm9 9a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>Actions</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Automate any workflow</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces" 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NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 11.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm2-9.5C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 6.75Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Codespaces</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Instant dev environments</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/issues" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;issues&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;issues_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg>Issues</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Plan and track work</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-review" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_review&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_review_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg>Code Review</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Manage code changes</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-quality" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_quality&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_quality_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-codescan-checkmark NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.28 6.28a.75.75 0 1 0-1.06-1.06L6.25 8.19l-.97-.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l1.5 1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l3.5-3.5Z"></path><path d="M7.5 15a7.5 7.5 0 1 1 5.807-2.754l2.473 2.474a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2.474-2.473A7.472 7.472 0 0 1 7.5 15Zm0-13.5a6 6 0 1 0 4.094 10.386.748.748 0 0 1 .293-.292 6.002 6.002 0 0 0 1.117-6.486A6.002 6.002 0 0 0 7.5 1.5Z"></path></svg>Code Quality</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ 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Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code-square NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm7.47 3.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_17d_">Solutions<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_17d_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5l7d_">BY COMPANY SIZE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Enterprises</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/team" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Small and medium teams</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Startups</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/nonprofits" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Nonprofits</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9l7d_">BY USE CASE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/app-modernization" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">App Modernization</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devsecops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevSecOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/ci-cd" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci/cd&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci/cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">CI/CD</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all use cases</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dl7d_">BY INDUSTRY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dl7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/healthcare" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Healthcare</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/financial-services" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Financial services</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/manufacturing" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Manufacturing</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/government" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Government</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all industries</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="NavDropdown-module__trailingLinkContainer__VgJGL"><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all solutions</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_1nd_">Resources<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_1nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5lnd_">EXPLORE BY TOPIC</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5lnd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=ai" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">AI</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=software-development" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Software Development</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=devops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS 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style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dm7d_">REPOSITORIES</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dm7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y 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class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Collections</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_2nd_">Enterprise<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_2nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5mnd_">ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5mnd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/enterprise" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-stack NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M7.122.392a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.756 0l5.003 2.902c.83.481.83 1.68 0 2.162L8.878 8.358a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.756 0L2.119 5.456a1.251 1.251 0 0 1 0-2.162ZM8.125 1.69a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0l-4.63 2.685 4.63 2.685a.248.248 0 0 0 .25 0l4.63-2.685ZM1.601 7.789a.75.75 0 0 1 1.025-.273l5.249 3.044a.248.248 0 0 0 .25 0l5.249-3.044a.75.75 0 0 1 .752 1.298l-5.248 3.044a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.756 0L1.874 8.814A.75.75 0 0 1 1.6 7.789Zm0 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.025-.273l5.249 3.044a.248.248 0 0 0 .25 0l5.249-3.044a.75.75 0 0 1 .752 1.298l-5.248 3.044a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.756 0l-5.248-3.044a.75.75 0 0 1-.273-1.025Z"></path></svg>Enterprise platform</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">AI-powered developer platform</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ 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1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM11.28 6.28l-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-1.5-1.5a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l.97.97 2.97-2.97a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>GitHub Advanced Security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enterprise-grade security features</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/copilot/copilot-business" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-copilot NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M7.998 15.035c-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.201-.508-.254-1.084-.254-1.656 0-.87.128-1.769.693-2.484.579-.733 1.494-1.124 2.724-1.261 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095v1.872c0 .766-3.351 3.795-8.002 3.795Zm0-1.485c2.28 0 4.584-1.11 5.002-1.433V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-1.146 0-2.059-.327-2.71-.991A3.222 3.222 0 0 1 8 6.303a3.24 3.24 0 0 1-.544.743c-.65.664-1.563.991-2.71.991-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433ZM6.762 2.83c-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-1.019.113-1.479.404-1.713.7-.247.312-.369.789-.369 1.554 0 .793.129 1.171.308 1.371.162.181.519.379 1.442.379.853 0 1.339-.235 1.638-.54.315-.322.527-.827.617-1.553.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614Zm4.155-.297c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Copilot for Business</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enterprise-grade AI features</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/enterprise/premium-support" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;premium_support&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;premium_support_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1h8.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10.25 10H7.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 2 11.543V10h-.25A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 8.25v-5.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm13 2a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 12H14v1.543a1.458 1.458 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L9.22 12.28a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l2.22 2.22v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h1a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25Z"></path></svg>Premium Support</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enterprise-grade 24/7 support</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><a href="https://github.com/pricing" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;pricing&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;pricing&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;pricing_link_pricing_navbar&quot;}" class="MarketingNavigation-module__navLink__hUomM">Pricing</a></li></ul></nav><div class="MarketingHeader-module__ctaContainer__tBmPz"><div class="HeaderSearch-module__searchSlot__oVOUS"><button class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--subtle___F7pEE Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw HeaderSearch-module__trigger__zsF9q" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search or jump to, type / to search" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;searchbar&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;input&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;global&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;searchbar_input_global_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-subtle___8ndWH"><span class="HeaderSearch-module__content__kMpxU"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-search HeaderSearch-module__icon__wcrHX" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg><span class="HeaderSearch-module__label__d1iWG">Search</span><kbd class="HeaderSearch-module__kbd__HNG0o" aria-hidden="true">/</kbd></span></span></span></button><div class="d-none"></div></div><div class="AuthCTAs-module__signInWrap__q2P60"><a class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--subtle___F7pEE Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw AuthCTAs-module__cta__WpwQq AuthCTAs-module__desktopActionGap__UZuXT AuthCTAs-module__hiddenBelowLg__BfKBw" href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fljharb%2Fqs" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;sign_in&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;auth_cta&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;header&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;sign_in_link_auth_cta_header&quot;}" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/ljharb/qs&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="cdd5bc37043a9786fd7929aecf06954e90195f2418a6ba295d47b49c0b082615"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-subtle___8ndWH">Sign in</span></span></a></div><a class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--secondary___gHnw_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw AuthCTAs-module__cta__WpwQq" href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&amp;ref_loc=header+logged+out&amp;ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E&amp;source=header-repo&amp;source_repo=ljharb%2Fqs" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;sign_up&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;auth_cta&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;header&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;sign_up_link_auth_cta_header&quot;}" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/ljharb/qs&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="cdd5bc37043a9786fd7929aecf06954e90195f2418a6ba295d47b49c0b082615"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-secondary___eJ0_a">Sign up</span></span></a><button class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--subtle___F7pEE Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw HeaderAppearanceSettings-module__trigger__hUheK" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-labelledby="_R_fbd_"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__leading-visual___jjtTe" data-testid="Button-leading-visual"><svg data-component="Octicon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-sliders Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__icon-visual____qybb" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M15 2.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-8.5.75v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-4a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0V2H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H6.5Zm1.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-6a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h6ZM15 8a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H11.5V10a.75.75 0 1 1-1.5 0V6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.25h2.75A.75.75 0 0 1 15 8Zm-9 5.25v-2a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v1.25H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H4.5v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-2Zm9 0a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-6a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h6a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Z"></path></svg></span><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-subtle___8ndWH"></span></span></button><div class="Primer_Brand__Tooltip-module__Tooltip___0Eipx" data-direction="s" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_fbd_">Appearance settings</div></div></div></div></div><div class="MarketingHeader-module__bottomBorder__uZT38" aria-hidden="true"></div></header></div></div>
</react-partial>



      <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full">
  
        <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
    <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>

    <button id="icon-button-8eca8751-33eb-46ef-80ba-4a47b6291c12" aria-labelledby="tooltip-cdaf7446-3708-49ef-a358-4848ad0e2bde" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close">  <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-cdaf7446-3708-49ef-a358-4848ad0e2bde" for="icon-button-8eca8751-33eb-46ef-80ba-4a47b6291c12" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip>


  
</div>
    </div>

  <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>








    <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace>





  <template class="js-flash-template">
    
<div class="flash flash-full   {{ className }}">
  <div >
    <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
    </button>
    <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert">
      
      <div>{{ message }}</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>
  </template>
</div>


    






  <div
    class="application-main "
    data-commit-hovercards-enabled
    data-discussion-hovercards-enabled
    data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled
    data-project-hovercards-enabled
  >
        <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class="">
    <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
      
      








  

    <div id="repository-container-header"  class="tmp-pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace>

        <div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end tmp-mb-3  tmp-px-3 tmp-px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">

          <div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit">
              
  <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
    
    <span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author">
      <a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/ljharb/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/ljharb">
        ljharb
</a>    </span>
    <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span>
    <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch">
      <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/ljharb/qs">qs</a>
    </strong>

    <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span>
  </div>


          </div>

          <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;">
              <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;">
    
        <li>
          <include-fragment src="/ljharb/qs/sponsor_button" data-nonce="v2:b8c39226-b33c-025f-6e47-36b8ba1ac900" data-view-component="true">
  
  <div data-show-on-forbidden-error hidden>
    <div class="Box">
  <div class="blankslate-container">
    <div data-view-component="true" class="blankslate blankslate-spacious color-bg-default rounded-2">
      

      <h3 data-view-component="true" class="blankslate-heading">        Uh oh!
</h3>
      <p data-view-component="true" class="blankslate-description">        <p class="color-fg-muted my-2 mb-2 ws-normal">There was an error while loading. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" data-turbo="false" href="" aria-label="Please reload this page">Please reload this page</a>.</p>
</p>

</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
</include-fragment>
        </li>

      

  <li>
            <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fljharb%2Fqs" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;notification subscription menu watch&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/ljharb/qs&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="a75f27b57306c565f32011dec7e90ec5c0410d351bd275630442e42f14e50874" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
    <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path>
</svg>Notifications
</a>    <tool-tip id="tooltip-bd31e8e3-0118-4fe7-b058-9ad01bde10b2" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip>

  </li>

  <li>
          <a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2Fljharb%2Fqs" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;repo details fork button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:22266795,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/ljharb/qs&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="8d69e140abb12de8f408e761cb49a2fafc68cab1a2dabf0923275c2d94f8850e" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
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href=\"/ljharb/qs/blob/main/logos/banner_default.png\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"qs\" src=\"/ljharb/qs/raw/main/logos/banner_default.png\" width=\"800\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eqs \u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://npmjs.org/package/qs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/d3660a698d9339bf704d62ac7dabf0c22739141b1e789c36cb1299e91e7f51f9/68747470733a2f2f76657273696f6e626164672e65732f6c6a686172622f71732e737667\" alt=\"Version Badge\" data-canonical-src=\"https://versionbadg.es/ljharb/qs.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-qs-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: qs \" href=\"#qs-\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ljharb/qs/actions\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/185c73ca781443c8aecef5d31a7f6384266831aacb0f49ad995496ca2e8eab52/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f636865636b2d72756e732f6c6a686172622f71732f6d61696e\" alt=\"github actions\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/check-runs/ljharb/qs/main\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://app.codecov.io/gh/ljharb/qs/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/8121f6c0b012aedd608c3eb48cfa3c738802469603cf3c86fcaaa96fcb3a4cdb/68747470733a2f2f636f6465636f762e696f2f67682f6c6a686172622f71732f6272616e63682f6d61696e2f6772617068732f62616467652e737667\" alt=\"coverage\" data-canonical-src=\"https://codecov.io/gh/ljharb/qs/branch/main/graphs/badge.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"/ljharb/qs/blob/main/LICENSE\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/40d0bccc51a5ea218576188667f8af0c3f73697d407515002ad3d8e58a306a08/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6e706d2f6c2f71732e737667\" alt=\"License\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/npm/l/qs.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=qs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/e9c5b288f2a727361c23c6c3acb6819c06f3f60ba230fef3381409a2c92a405f/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6e706d2f646d2f71732e737667\" alt=\"Downloads\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/qs.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/9058\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/dc408354e2dea6f7b1b79697b14d15da1da28cec5b0ce4ffd485bc674f01fd89/68747470733a2f2f626573747072616374696365732e636f7265696e6672617374727563747572652e6f72672f70726f6a656374732f393035382f6261646765\" alt=\"CII Best Practices\" data-canonical-src=\"https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/9058/badge\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://npmjs.org/package/qs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/e124fc69dd25872f7410610fa01e5d6576d216ebb1febd7056737df69bfb05f6/68747470733a2f2f6e6f6465692e636f2f6e706d2f71732e706e673f646f776e6c6f6164733d747275652673746172733d74727565\" alt=\"npm badge\" data-canonical-src=\"https://nodei.co/npm/qs.png?downloads=true\u0026amp;stars=true\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLead Maintainer: \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ljharb\"\u003eJordan Harband\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e module was originally created and maintained by \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring\"\u003eTJ Holowaychuk\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var qs = require('qs');\nvar assert = require('assert');\n\nvar obj = qs.parse('a=c');\nassert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });\n\nvar str = qs.stringify(obj);\nassert.equal(str, 'a=c');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erequire\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'qs'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erequire\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'assert'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobj\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobj\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobj\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eParsing Objects\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-parsing-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Parsing Objects\" href=\"#parsing-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#preventEval\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.parse(string, [options]);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eoptions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e.\nFor example, the string \u003ccode\u003e'foo[bar]=baz'\u003c/code\u003e converts to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {\n    foo: {\n        bar: 'baz'\n    }\n});\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo[bar]=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebar\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen using the \u003ccode\u003eplainObjects\u003c/code\u003e option the parsed value is returned as a null object, created via \u003ccode\u003e{ __proto__: null }\u003c/code\u003e and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });\nassert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enullObject\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[hasOwnProperty]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eplainObjects\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enullObject\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehasOwnProperty\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use \u003ccode\u003eplainObjects\u003c/code\u003e as mentioned above, or set \u003ccode\u003eallowPrototypes\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e which will allow user input to overwrite those properties.\n\u003cem\u003eWARNING\u003c/em\u003e It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten.\nAlways be careful with this option.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });\nassert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprotoObject\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[hasOwnProperty]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowPrototypes\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprotoObject\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehasOwnProperty\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eURI encoded strings work too:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {\n    a: { b: 'c' }\n});\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a%5Bb%5D=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also nest your objects, like \u003ccode\u003e'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {\n    foo: {\n        bar: {\n            baz: 'foobarbaz'\n        }\n    }\n});\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebar\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebaz\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foobarbaz'\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, \u003ccode\u003eparse\u003c/code\u003e interprets nested bracket groups more consistently. Query strings with unbalanced \u003ccode\u003e[\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e]\u003c/code\u003e can produce different results than in 6.15.1; see \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/558\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/ljharb/qs/issues/558/hovercard\"\u003e#558\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, when nesting objects \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will only parse up to 5 children deep.\nThis means if you attempt to parse a string like \u003ccode\u003e'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'\u003c/code\u003e your resulting object will be:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var expected = {\n    a: {\n        b: {\n            c: {\n                d: {\n                    e: {\n                        f: {\n                            '[g][h][i]': 'j'\n                        }\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    }\n};\nvar string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';\nassert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eexpected\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n                \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n                    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n                        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n                            \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'[g][h][i]'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'j'\u003c/span\u003e\n                        \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n                    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n                \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eexpected\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis depth can be overridden by passing a \u003ccode\u003edepth\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003eqs.parse(string, [options])\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });\nassert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edeep\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edepth\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edeep\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'j'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can configure \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e to throw an error when parsing nested input beyond this depth using the \u003ccode\u003estrictDepth\u003c/code\u003e option (defaulted to false):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"try {\n    qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1, strictDepth: true });\n} catch (err) {\n    assert(err instanceof RangeError);\n    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 1 and strictDepth is true');\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edepth\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estrictDepth\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ecatch\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einstanceof\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRangeError\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estrictEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emessage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Input depth exceeded depth option of 1 and strictDepth is true'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe depth limit helps mitigate abuse when \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number. The strictDepth option adds a layer of protection by throwing an error when the limit is exceeded, allowing you to catch and handle such cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor similar reasons, by default \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e option:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var limited = qs.parse('a=b\u0026amp;c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });\nassert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elimited\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b\u0026amp;c=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elimited\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want an error to be thrown whenever a limit is exceeded (eg, \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e), set the \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"try {\n    qs.parse('a=1\u0026amp;b=2\u0026amp;c=3\u0026amp;d=4', { parameterLimit: 3, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });\n} catch (err) {\n    assert(err instanceof Error);\n    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Parameter limit exceeded. Only 3 parameters allowed.');\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=1\u0026amp;b=2\u0026amp;c=3\u0026amp;d=4'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ecatch\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einstanceof\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eError\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estrictEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emessage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Parameter limit exceeded. Only 3 parameters allowed.'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/code\u003e is set to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e (default), \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will parse up to the specified \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e and ignore the rest without throwing an error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e only bounds the number of \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/code\u003e-delimited parameters; it does not limit how many values a single parameter expands into. In particular, when \u003ccode\u003ecomma: true\u003c/code\u003e is enabled, a single parameter's value is split on commas into arbitrarily many elements, which \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e does not constrain. Setting \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded: true\u003c/code\u003e (see \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e below) makes \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e reject a query string with more than \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e parameters, one that uses an array index of \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e or greater, or one that would produce any array longer than \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e, including an array produced by comma splitting. \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e applies to each array separately, including each parameter's comma-split value, so the total number of values across all parameters can still reach \u003ccode\u003eparameterLimit\u003c/code\u003e times \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e, which is 20,000 at the default limits; always bound the input size at the transport layer as well (e.g. an HTTP body-size limit).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo bypass the leading question mark, use \u003ccode\u003eignoreQueryPrefix\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b\u0026amp;c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });\nassert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefixed\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'?a=b\u0026amp;c=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eignoreQueryPrefix\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefixed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn optional delimiter can also be passed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });\nassert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edelimited\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b;c=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edelimiter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e';'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edelimited\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDelimiters can be a regular expression too:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });\nassert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eregexed\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b;c=d,e=f'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edelimiter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eregexed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOption \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e can be used to enable dot notation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });\nassert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithDots\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a.b=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowDots\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithDots\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOption \u003ccode\u003edecodeDotInKeys\u003c/code\u003e can be used to decode dots in keys\nNote: it implies \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e, so \u003ccode\u003eparse\u003c/code\u003e will error if you set \u003ccode\u003edecodeDotInKeys\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withDots = qs.parse('name%252Eobj.first=John\u0026amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe', { decodeDotInKeys: true });\nassert.deepEqual(withDots, { 'name.obj': { first: 'John', last: 'Doe' }});\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithDots\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'name%252Eobj.first=John\u0026amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edecodeDotInKeys\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithDots\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'name.obj'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efirst\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'John'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elast\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Doe'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOption \u003ccode\u003eallowEmptyArrays\u003c/code\u003e can be used to allow empty array values in an object\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withEmptyArrays = qs.parse('foo[]\u0026amp;bar=baz', { allowEmptyArrays: true });\nassert.deepEqual(withEmptyArrays, { foo: [], bar: 'baz' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithEmptyArrays\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo[]\u0026amp;bar=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowEmptyArrays\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithEmptyArrays\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebar\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOption \u003ccode\u003eduplicates\u003c/code\u003e can be used to change the behavior when duplicate keys are encountered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz'), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });\nassert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'combine' }), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });\nassert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'first' }), { foo: 'bar' });\nassert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'last' }), { foo: 'baz' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'bar'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eduplicates\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'combine'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'bar'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eduplicates\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'first'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'bar'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'foo=bar\u0026amp;foo=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eduplicates\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'last'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that keys with bracket notation (\u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e) always combine into arrays, regardless of the \u003ccode\u003eduplicates\u003c/code\u003e setting:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=1\u0026amp;a=2\u0026amp;b[]=1\u0026amp;b[]=2', { duplicates: 'last' }), { a: '2', b: ['1', '2'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=1\u0026amp;a=2\u0026amp;b[]=1\u0026amp;b[]=2'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eduplicates\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'last'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'2'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'1'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'2'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });\nassert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eoldCharset\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=%A7'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eoldCharset\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'§'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome services add an initial \u003ccode\u003eutf8=✓\u003c/code\u003e value to forms so that old Internet Explorer versions are more likely to submit the form as utf-8.\nAdditionally, the server can check the value against wrong encodings of the checkmark character and detect that a query string or \u003ccode\u003eapplication/x-www-form-urlencoded\u003c/code\u003e body was \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e sent as utf-8, eg. if the form had an \u003ccode\u003eaccept-charset\u003c/code\u003e parameter or the containing page had a different character set.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e supports this mechanism via the \u003ccode\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/code\u003e option.\nIf specified, the \u003ccode\u003eutf8\u003c/code\u003e parameter will be omitted from the returned object.\nIt will be used to switch to \u003ccode\u003eiso-8859-1\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eutf-8\u003c/code\u003e mode depending on how the checkmark is encoded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportant\u003c/strong\u003e: When you specify both the \u003ccode\u003echarset\u003c/code\u003e option and the \u003ccode\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/code\u003e option, the \u003ccode\u003echarset\u003c/code\u003e will be overridden when the request contains a \u003ccode\u003eutf8\u003c/code\u003e parameter from which the actual charset can be deduced.\nIn that sense the \u003ccode\u003echarset\u003c/code\u003e will behave as the default charset rather than the authoritative charset.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;a=%C3%B8', {\n    charset: 'iso-8859-1',\n    charsetSentinel: true\n});\nassert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });\n\n// Browsers encode the checkmark as \u0026amp;#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:\nvar detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B\u0026amp;a=%F8', {\n    charset: 'utf-8',\n    charsetSentinel: true\n});\nassert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsUtf8\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;a=%C3%B8'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsUtf8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'ø'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Browsers encode the checkmark as \u0026amp;#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsIso8859_1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'utf8=%26%2310003%3B\u0026amp;a=%F8'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'utf-8'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsIso8859_1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'ø'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want to decode the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;#...;\u003c/code\u003e syntax to the actual character, you can specify the \u003ccode\u003einterpretNumericEntities\u003c/code\u003e option as well:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {\n    charset: 'iso-8859-1',\n    interpretNumericEntities: true\n});\nassert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsIso8859_1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=%26%239786%3B'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003einterpretNumericEntities\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edetectedAsIso8859_1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'☺'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt also works when the charset has been detected in \u003ccode\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/code\u003e mode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eParsing Arrays\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-parsing-arrays\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Parsing Arrays\" href=\"#parsing-arrays\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e can also parse arrays using a similar \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e notation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b\u0026amp;a[]=c');\nassert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithArray\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[]=b\u0026amp;a[]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithArray\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may specify an index as well:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c\u0026amp;a[0]=b');\nassert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithIndexes\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[1]=c\u0026amp;a[0]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithIndexes\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number to create an array.\nWhen creating arrays with specific indices, \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving their order:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b\u0026amp;a[15]=c');\nassert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enoSparse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[1]=b\u0026amp;a[15]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enoSparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may also use \u003ccode\u003eallowSparse\u003c/code\u003e option to parse sparse arrays:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var sparseArray = qs.parse('a[1]=2\u0026amp;a[3]=5', { allowSparse: true });\nassert.deepEqual(sparseArray, { a: [, '2', , '5'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esparseArray\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[1]=2\u0026amp;a[3]=5'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowSparse\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esparseArray\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'2'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'5'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=\u0026amp;a[]=b');\nassert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });\n\nvar withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=\u0026amp;a[2]=c');\nassert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithEmptyString\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[]=\u0026amp;a[]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithEmptyString\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithIndexedEmptyString\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=\u0026amp;a[2]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithIndexedEmptyString\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will also limit arrays to a maximum of \u003ccode\u003e20\u003c/code\u003e elements.\nAny array members with an index of \u003ccode\u003e20\u003c/code\u003e or greater will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.\nThis is needed to handle cases when someone sent, for example, \u003ccode\u003ea[999999999]\u003c/code\u003e and it will take significant time to iterate over this huge array.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, the arrayLimit now applies to arrays specified using both the \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e[0]\u003c/code\u003e syntaxes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');\nassert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithMaxIndex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[100]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithMaxIndex\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'100'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis limit can be overridden by passing an \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e option:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });\nassert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithArrayLimit\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[1]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayLimit\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithArrayLimit\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'1'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want to throw an error whenever the array limit is exceeded, set the \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"try {\n    qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });\n} catch (err) {\n    assert(err instanceof Error);\n    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Array limit exceeded. Only 0 elements allowed in an array.');\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[1]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayLimit\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ecatch\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einstanceof\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eError\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estrictEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emessage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Array limit exceeded. Only 0 elements allowed in an array.'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/code\u003e is set to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e (default), \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will parse up to the specified \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e and if the limit is exceeded, the array will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e is a \u003cem\u003erepresentation\u003c/em\u003e threshold that controls when a numerically-indexed collection switches from an array to an object; it is \u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e a hard cap on the total number of elements parsed. With the default \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded: false\u003c/code\u003e, exceeding \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e never rejects or truncates input; it only changes the container type, and the resulting object still holds every element (so its size stays proportional to the input). This conversion is itself a safeguard: it avoids allocating a huge sparse array for input like \u003ccode\u003ea[999999999]\u003c/code\u003e. If you need a hard limit that rejects oversized arrays in untrusted query strings, set \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded: true\u003c/code\u003e. \u003ccode\u003ethrowOnLimitExceeded\u003c/code\u003e still limits each array separately, not the total: with \u003ccode\u003ecomma: true\u003c/code\u003e, each comma-separated group under \u003ccode\u003ea[]=\u003c/code\u003e counts as one element of the outer array, and can itself hold up to \u003ccode\u003earrayLimit\u003c/code\u003e elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo prevent array syntax (\u003ccode\u003ea[]\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ea[0]\u003c/code\u003e) from being parsed as arrays, set \u003ccode\u003eparseArrays\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e.\nNote that duplicate keys (e.g. \u003ccode\u003ea=b\u0026amp;a=c\u003c/code\u003e) may still produce arrays when \u003ccode\u003eduplicates\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode\u003e'combine'\u003c/code\u003e (the default).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });\nassert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enoParsingArrays\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[]=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eparseArrays\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efalse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enoParsingArrays\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'0'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you mix notations, \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will merge the two items into an object:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[b]=c');\nassert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emixedNotation\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[b]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emixedNotation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'0'\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a key appears as both a plain value and an object, \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e will by default wrap the conflicting values in an array (\u003ccode\u003estrictMerge\u003c/code\u003e defaults to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c\u0026amp;a=d'), { a: [{ b: 'c' }, 'd'] });\nassert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=d\u0026amp;a[b]=c'), { a: ['d', { b: 'c' }] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b]=c\u0026amp;a=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=d\u0026amp;a[b]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo restore the legacy behavior (where the primitive is used as a key with value \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e), set \u003ccode\u003estrictMerge\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c\u0026amp;a=d', { strictMerge: false }), { a: { b: 'c', d: true } });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b]=c\u0026amp;a=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estrictMerge\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efalse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also create arrays of objects:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');\nassert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earraysOfObjects\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[][b]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earraysOfObjects\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome people use comma to join array, \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e can parse it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })\nassert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earraysOfObjects\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b,c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecomma\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earraysOfObjects\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(\u003cem\u003ethis cannot convert nested objects, such as \u003ccode\u003ea={b:1},{c:d}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e or index notation, the values from each comma-separated group stay together as one element of the array, while repeated plain keys flatten into one array:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var nestedGroups = qs.parse('a[]=b,c\u0026amp;a[]=d', { comma: true });\nassert.deepEqual(nestedGroups, { a: [['b', 'c'], 'd'] });\n\nvar flatGroups = qs.parse('a=b,c\u0026amp;a=d', { comma: true });\nassert.deepEqual(flatGroups, { a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enestedGroups\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[]=b,c\u0026amp;a[]=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecomma\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enestedGroups\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflatGroups\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b,c\u0026amp;a=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecomma\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflatGroups\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eParsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-parsing-primitivescalar-values-numbers-booleans-null-etc\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)\" href=\"#parsing-primitivescalar-values-numbers-booleans-null-etc\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, all values are parsed as strings.\nThis behavior will not change and is explained in \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/91\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/ljharb/qs/issues/91/hovercard\"\u003eissue #91\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var primitiveValues = qs.parse('a=15\u0026amp;b=true\u0026amp;c=null');\nassert.deepEqual(primitiveValues, { a: '15', b: 'true', c: 'null' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprimitiveValues\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=15\u0026amp;b=true\u0026amp;c=null'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprimitiveValues\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'15'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'true'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'null'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you wish to auto-convert values which look like numbers, booleans, and other values into their primitive counterparts, you can use the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/xpepermint/query-types\"\u003equery-types Express JS middleware\u003c/a\u003e which will auto-convert all request query parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStringifying\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-stringifying\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Stringifying\" href=\"#stringifying\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#preventEval\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify(object, [options]);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobject\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eoptions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen stringifying, \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a%5Bb%5D=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis encoding can be disabled by setting the \u003ccode\u003eencode\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });\nassert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eunencoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eencode\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efalse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eunencoded\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a[b]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEncoding can be disabled for keys by setting the \u003ccode\u003eencodeValuesOnly\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var encodedValues = qs.stringify(\n    { a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },\n    { encodeValuesOnly: true }\n);\nassert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b\u0026amp;c[0]=d\u0026amp;c[1]=e%3Df\u0026amp;f[0][0]=g\u0026amp;f[1][0]=h');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencodedValues\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'e=f'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'g'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'h'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eencodeValuesOnly\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencodedValues\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b\u0026amp;c[0]=d\u0026amp;c[1]=e%3Df\u0026amp;f[0][0]=g\u0026amp;f[1][0]=h'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as \u003ccode\u003eencoder\u003c/code\u003e option:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {\n    // Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`\n    return // Return encoded string\n}})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eencoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Return encoded string\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Note: the \u003ccode\u003eencoder\u003c/code\u003e option does not apply if \u003ccode\u003eencode\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, \u003ccode\u003eqs.stringify\u003c/code\u003e serializes an object of any nesting depth.\nFor backwards compatibility, and because its input is the caller's own object rather than a query string parsed by \u003cstrong\u003eqs\u003c/strong\u003e, this is unbounded.\nIf you serialize objects whose nesting can be influenced by untrusted input, bound it with the numeric \u003ccode\u003edepth\u003c/code\u003e option (default \u003ccode\u003eInfinity\u003c/code\u003e);\nexceeding it throws a catchable \u003ccode\u003eRangeError\u003c/code\u003e instead of eventually overflowing the call stack:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"try {\n    qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: { d: 'e' } } } }, { depth: 2 });\n} catch (err) {\n    assert(err instanceof RangeError);\n    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 2');\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'e'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edepth\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ecatch\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einstanceof\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRangeError\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estrictEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emessage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Input depth exceeded depth option of 2'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnalogue to the \u003ccode\u003eencoder\u003c/code\u003e there is a \u003ccode\u003edecoder\u003c/code\u003e option for \u003ccode\u003eparse\u003c/code\u003e to override decoding of properties and values:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {\n    // Passed in values `x`, `z`\n    return // Return decoded string\n}})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edecoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'x=z'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edecoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Passed in values `x`, `z`\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Return decoded string\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can encode keys and values using different logic by using the type argument provided to the encoder:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str, defaultEncoder, charset, type) {\n    if (type === 'key') {\n        return // Encoded key\n    } else if (type === 'value') {\n        return // Encoded value\n    }\n}})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eencoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edefaultEncoder\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e===\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'key'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Encoded key\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e===\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'value'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Encoded value\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe type argument is also provided to the decoder:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str, defaultDecoder, charset, type) {\n    if (type === 'key') {\n        return // Decoded key\n    } else if (type === 'value') {\n        return // Decoded value\n    }\n}})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edecoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'x=z'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edecoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edefaultDecoder\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e===\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'key'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Decoded key\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e===\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'value'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Decoded value\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity.\nPlease note that the return values in these cases \u003cem\u003ewill\u003c/em\u003e be URI encoded during real usage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen arrays are stringified, they follow the \u003ccode\u003earrayFormat\u003c/code\u003e option, which defaults to \u003ccode\u003eindices\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });\n// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=c\u0026amp;a[2]=d'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=c\u0026amp;a[2]=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may override this by setting the \u003ccode\u003eindices\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e, or to be more explicit, the \u003ccode\u003earrayFormat\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003erepeat\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });\n// 'a=b\u0026amp;a=c\u0026amp;a=d'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eindices\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efalse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a=b\u0026amp;a=c\u0026amp;a=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may use the \u003ccode\u003earrayFormat\u003c/code\u003e option to specify the format of the output array:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })\n// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=c'\nqs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })\n// 'a[]=b\u0026amp;a[]=c'\nqs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })\n// 'a=b\u0026amp;a=c'\nqs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })\n// 'a=b,c'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayFormat\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'indices'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[1]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayFormat\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'brackets'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a[]=b\u0026amp;a[]=c'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayFormat\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'repeat'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a=b\u0026amp;a=c'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003earrayFormat\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'comma'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a=b,c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote: when using \u003ccode\u003earrayFormat\u003c/code\u003e set to \u003ccode\u003e'comma'\u003c/code\u003e, you can also pass the \u003ccode\u003ecommaRoundTrip\u003c/code\u003e option set to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e, to append \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e on single-item arrays, so that they can round trip through a parse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });\n// 'a[b][c]=d\u0026amp;a[b][e]=f'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a[b][c]=d\u0026amp;a[b][e]=f'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may override this to use dot notation by setting the \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });\n// 'a.b.c=d\u0026amp;a.b.e=f'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowDots\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a.b.c=d\u0026amp;a.b.e=f'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may encode the dot notation in the keys of object with option \u003ccode\u003eencodeDotInKeys\u003c/code\u003e by setting it to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e:\nNote: it implies \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e, so \u003ccode\u003estringify\u003c/code\u003e will error if you set \u003ccode\u003edecodeDotInKeys\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eallowDots\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e.\nCaveat: when \u003ccode\u003eencodeValuesOnly\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e as well as \u003ccode\u003eencodeDotInKeys\u003c/code\u003e, only dots in keys and nothing else will be encoded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ \u0026quot;name.obj\u0026quot;: { \u0026quot;first\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;John\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;last\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;Doe\u0026quot; } }, { allowDots: true, encodeDotInKeys: true })\n// 'name%252Eobj.first=John\u0026amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"name.obj\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"first\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"John\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"last\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Doe\"\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowDots\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eencodeDotInKeys\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'name%252Eobj.first=John\u0026amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may allow empty array values by setting the \u003ccode\u003eallowEmptyArrays\u003c/code\u003e option to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify({ foo: [], bar: 'baz' }, { allowEmptyArrays: true });\n// 'foo[]\u0026amp;bar=baz'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efoo\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebar\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'baz'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eallowEmptyArrays\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'foo[]\u0026amp;bar=baz'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEmpty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eKey with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eProperties that are set to \u003ccode\u003eundefined\u003c/code\u003e will be omitted entirely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eundefined\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b\u0026amp;c=d');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eaddQueryPrefix\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'?a=b\u0026amp;c=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that when the output is an empty string, the prefix will not be added:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({}, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eaddQueryPrefix\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edelimiter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e';'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b;c=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you only want to override the serialization of \u003ccode\u003eDate\u003c/code\u003e objects, you can provide a \u003ccode\u003eserializeDate\u003c/code\u003e option:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var date = new Date(7);\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));\nassert.equal(\n    qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),\n    'a=7'\n);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edate\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eDate\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edate\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ereplace\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003eg\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'%3A'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edate\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eserializeDate\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003egetTime\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=7'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may use the \u003ccode\u003esort\u003c/code\u003e option to affect the order of parameter keys:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {\n    return a.localeCompare(b);\n}\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c\u0026amp;b=f\u0026amp;z=y');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ealphabeticalSort\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003elocaleCompare\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ez\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'y'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e : \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esort\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ealphabeticalSort\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=c\u0026amp;b=f\u0026amp;z=y'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFinally, you can use the \u003ccode\u003efilter\u003c/code\u003e option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.\nIf you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value.\nOtherwise, if you pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"function filterFunc(prefix, value) {\n    if (prefix == 'b') {\n        // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.\n        return;\n    }\n    if (prefix == 'e[f]') {\n        return value.getTime();\n    }\n    if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {\n        return value * 2;\n    }\n    return value;\n}\nqs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });\n// 'a=b\u0026amp;c=d\u0026amp;e[f]=123\u0026amp;e[g][0]=4'\nqs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });\n// 'a=b\u0026amp;e=f'\nqs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });\n// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[2]=d'\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunction\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efilterFunc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefix\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefix\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e==\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefix\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e==\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'e[f]'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003egetTime\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefix\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e==\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'e[g][0]'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eDate\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e123\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eg\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efilter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efilterFunc\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a=b\u0026amp;c=d\u0026amp;e[f]=123\u0026amp;e[g][0]=4'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efilter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'e'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a=b\u0026amp;e=f'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'c'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'f'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efilter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 'a[0]=b\u0026amp;a[2]=d'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou could also use \u003ccode\u003efilter\u003c/code\u003e to inject custom serialization for user defined types.\nConsider you're working with some api that expects query strings of the format for ranges:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"https://domain.com/endpoint?range=30...70\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ehttps://domain.com/endpoint?range=30...70\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor which you model as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"class Range {\n    constructor(from, to) {\n        this.from = from;\n        this.to = to;\n    }\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRange\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econstructor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ethis\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ethis\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eto\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou could \u003cem\u003einject\u003c/em\u003e a custom serializer to handle values of this type:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"qs.stringify(\n    {\n        range: new Range(30, 70),\n    },\n    {\n        filter: (prefix, value) =\u0026gt; {\n            if (value instanceof Range) {\n                return `${value.from}...${value.to}`;\n            }\n            // serialize the usual way\n            return value;\n        },\n    }\n);\n// range=30...70\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003erange\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRange\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efilter\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprefix\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einstanceof\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRange\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n                \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e`\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e${\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e...\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e${\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e`\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// serialize the usual way\u003c/span\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003evalue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// range=30...70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHandling of \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e values\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-handling-of-null-values\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Handling of null values\" href=\"#handling-of-null-values\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e values are treated like empty strings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });\nassert.equal(withNull, 'a=\u0026amp;b=');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithNull\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewithNull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=\u0026amp;b='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eParsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs.\nBoth are converted to empty strings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a\u0026amp;b=');\nassert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eequalsInsensitive\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a\u0026amp;b='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eequalsInsensitive\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo distinguish between \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e values and empty strings use the \u003ccode\u003estrictNullHandling\u003c/code\u003e flag. In the result string the \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e\nvalues have no \u003ccode\u003e=\u003c/code\u003e sign:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });\nassert.equal(strictNull, 'a\u0026amp;b=');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estrictNull\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estrictNullHandling\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estrictNull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a\u0026amp;b='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo parse values without \u003ccode\u003e=\u003c/code\u003e back to \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e use the \u003ccode\u003estrictNullHandling\u003c/code\u003e flag:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a\u0026amp;b=', { strictNullHandling: true });\nassert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eparsedStrictNull\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a\u0026amp;b='\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estrictNullHandling\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eparsedStrictNull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo completely skip rendering keys with \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e values, use the \u003ccode\u003eskipNulls\u003c/code\u003e flag:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });\nassert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enullsSkipped\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enull\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eskipNulls\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enullsSkipped\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=b'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to \u003ccode\u003eiso-8859-1\u003c/code\u003e using the \u003ccode\u003echarset\u003c/code\u003e option:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });\nassert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiso\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eæ\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'æ'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiso\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'%E6=%E6'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCharacters that don't exist in \u003ccode\u003eiso-8859-1\u003c/code\u003e will be converted to numeric entities, similar to what browsers do:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });\nassert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enumeric\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'☺'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enumeric\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=%26%239786%3B'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can use the \u003ccode\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/code\u003e option to announce the character by including an \u003ccode\u003eutf8=✓\u003c/code\u003e parameter with the proper encoding if the checkmark, similar to what Ruby on Rails and others do when submitting forms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });\nassert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;a=%E2%98%BA');\n\nvar isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });\nassert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B\u0026amp;a=%E6');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esentinel\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'☺'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esentinel\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;a=%E2%98%BA'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eisoSentinel\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'æ'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarsetSentinel\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'iso-8859-1'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eisoSentinel\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'utf8=%26%2310003%3B\u0026amp;a=%E6'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDealing with special character sets\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dealing-with-special-character-sets\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Dealing with special character sets\" href=\"#dealing-with-special-character-sets\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in \u003ccode\u003eutf-8\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eiso-8859-1\u003c/code\u003e support is also built in via the \u003ccode\u003echarset\u003c/code\u003e parameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e.\n\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eShift JIS\u003c/a\u003e) you can use the\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/martinheidegger/qs-iconv\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eqs-iconv\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e library:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');\nvar shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });\nassert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencoder\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erequire\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'qs-iconv/encoder'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'shift_jis'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eshiftJISEncoded\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estringify\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'こんにちは！'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eencoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eencoder\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eequal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eshiftJISEncoded\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis also works for decoding of query strings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');\nvar obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });\nassert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edecoder\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erequire\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'qs-iconv/decoder'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'shift_jis'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobj\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eqs\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eparse\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edecoder\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edecoder\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eassert\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edeepEqual\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eobj\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'こんにちは！'\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rfc-3986-and-rfc-1738-space-encoding\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding\" href=\"#rfc-3986-and-rfc-1738-space-encoding\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to \u003cem\u003e%20\u003c/em\u003e which is backward compatible.\nIn the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');\nassert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSecurity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-security\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Security\" href=\"#security\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease email \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ljharb\"\u003e@ljharb\u003c/a\u003e or see \u003ca href=\"https://tidelift.com/security\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://tidelift.com/security\u003c/a\u003e if you have a potential security vulnerability to report.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eqs for enterprise\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-qs-for-enterprise\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: qs for enterprise\" href=\"#qs-for-enterprise\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAvailable as part of the Tidelift Subscription\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe maintainers of qs and thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source dependencies you use to build your applications.\nSave time, reduce risk, and improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact dependencies you use.\n\u003ca href=\"https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-qs?utm_source=npm-qs\u0026amp;utm_medium=referral\u0026amp;utm_campaign=enterprise\u0026amp;utm_term=repo\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLearn more.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-acknowledgements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Acknowledgements\" href=\"#acknowledgements\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eqs logo by \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/numi-hq/open-design\"\u003eNUMI\u003c/a\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://numi.tech/?ref=qs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/numi-hq/open-design/main/assets/numi-lockup.png\" alt=\"NUMI Logo\" style=\"width: 200px; max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"qs ","anchor":"qs-","htmlText":"qs "},{"level":2,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Parsing Objects","anchor":"parsing-objects","htmlText":"Parsing Objects"},{"level":3,"text":"Parsing Arrays","anchor":"parsing-arrays","htmlText":"Parsing Arrays"},{"level":3,"text":"Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)","anchor":"parsing-primitivescalar-values-numbers-booleans-null-etc","htmlText":"Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)"},{"level":3,"text":"Stringifying","anchor":"stringifying","htmlText":"Stringifying"},{"level":3,"text":"Handling of null values","anchor":"handling-of-null-values","htmlText":"Handling of null values"},{"level":3,"text":"Dealing with special character sets","anchor":"dealing-with-special-character-sets","htmlText":"Dealing with special character sets"},{"level":3,"text":"RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding","anchor":"rfc-3986-and-rfc-1738-space-encoding","htmlText":"RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding"},{"level":2,"text":"Security","anchor":"security","htmlText":"Security"},{"level":2,"text":"qs for enterprise","anchor":"qs-for-enterprise","htmlText":"qs for enterprise"},{"level":2,"text":"Acknowledgements","anchor":"acknowledgements","htmlText":"Acknowledgements"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fljharb%2Fqs"}},{"displayName":"CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","repoName":".github","refName":"main","path":"CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","preferredFileType":"code_of_conduct","tabName":"Code of 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class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk d-none d-lg-flex LinkButton-module__linkButton__nFnov flex-items-center fgColor-default" data-loading="false" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-Iohp5"><span data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-YNt2F prc-Button-LeadingVisual-UySKu prc-Button-VisualWrap-E4cnq"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-history" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-FWkx3"><span class="fgColor-default">1,033 Commits</span></span></span></a><div class="d-sm-none"></div><div class="d-flex d-lg-none"><a data-component="LinkButton" aria-label="View commit history for this file." href="/ljharb/qs/commits/main/" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk LinkButton-module__linkButton__nFnov flex-items-center fgColor-default" data-loading="false" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby="_R_2bacdahlik5_"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-Iohp5"><span data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-YNt2F prc-Button-LeadingVisual-UySKu prc-Button-VisualWrap-E4cnq"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-history" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-tLeuB" data-direction="s" data-component="Tooltip" role="tooltip" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_2bacdahlik5_">1,033 Commits</span></div></div></div></div></div><h2 class="sr-only ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone__rwWIk prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading" data-testid="screen-reader-heading" id="folders-and-files">Folders and files</h2><table class="Table-module__Box__HZKiQ DirectoryContent-module__OverviewTable__fe0iH" aria-labelledby="folders-and-files"><thead class="DirectoryContent-module__OverviewHeaderRow__hOrKy Table-module__Box_1__VacXC"><tr class="Table-module__Box_2__PBp9s"><th colSpan="2" class="DirectoryContent-module__Box__iC_5e"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th colSpan="1" class="DirectoryContent-module__Box_1__fuSBO"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th class="hide-sm"><div class="width-fit prc-Truncate-Truncate-2G1eo" data-inline="true" title="Last commit message" style="--truncate-max-width:125px"><span class="text-bold">Last commit message</span></div></th><th colSpan="1" class="DirectoryContent-module__Box_2__Ccrx7"><div class="width-fit prc-Truncate-Truncate-2G1eo" data-inline="true" title="Last commit date" style="--truncate-max-width:125px"><span class="text-bold">Last commit date</span></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-0"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" 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fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="dist" aria-label="dist, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/ljharb/qs/tree/main/dist" data-discover="true">dist</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 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display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="lib" aria-label="lib, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/ljharb/qs/tree/main/lib" data-discover="true">lib</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 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style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="logos" aria-label="logos, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/ljharb/qs/tree/main/logos" data-discover="true">logos</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 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d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="test" aria-label="test, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/ljharb/qs/tree/main/test" data-discover="true">test</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" colSpan="1"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 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<p dir="auto">A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.</p>
<p dir="auto">Lead Maintainer: <a href="https://github.com/ljharb">Jordan Harband</a></p>
<p dir="auto">The <strong>qs</strong> module was originally created and maintained by <a href="https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring">TJ Holowaychuk</a>.</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h2><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var qs = require('qs');
var assert = require('assert');

var obj = qs.parse('a=c');
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });

var str = qs.stringify(obj);
assert.equal(str, 'a=c');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">require</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'qs'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">assert</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">require</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'assert'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">obj</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">obj</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">str</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">obj</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">str</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Parsing Objects</h3><a id="user-content-parsing-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Parsing Objects" href="#parsing-objects"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a href="#preventEval"></a></p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.parse(string, [options]);"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">string</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s1">options</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto"><strong>qs</strong> allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets <code>[]</code>.
For example, the string <code>'foo[bar]=baz'</code> converts to:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: 'baz'
    }
});"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo[bar]=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-c1">bar</span>: <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">When using the <code>plainObjects</code> option the parsed value is returned as a null object, created via <code>{ __proto__: null }</code> and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });
assert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">nullObject</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[hasOwnProperty]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">plainObjects</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">nullObject</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">hasOwnProperty</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use <code>plainObjects</code> as mentioned above, or set <code>allowPrototypes</code> to <code>true</code> which will allow user input to overwrite those properties.
<em>WARNING</em> It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten.
Always be careful with this option.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
assert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">protoObject</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[hasOwnProperty]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowPrototypes</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">protoObject</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">hasOwnProperty</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">URI encoded strings work too:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {
    a: { b: 'c' }
});"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a%5Bb%5D=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You can also nest your objects, like <code>'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: {
            baz: 'foobarbaz'
        }
    }
});"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-c1">bar</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
            <span class="pl-c1">baz</span>: <span class="pl-s">'foobarbaz'</span>
        <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Since v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, <code>parse</code> interprets nested bracket groups more consistently. Query strings with unbalanced <code>[</code>/<code>]</code> can produce different results than in 6.15.1; see <a href="https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/558" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/ljharb/qs/issues/558/hovercard">#558</a>.</p>
<p dir="auto">By default, when nesting objects <strong>qs</strong> will only parse up to 5 children deep.
This means if you attempt to parse a string like <code>'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'</code> your resulting object will be:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var expected = {
    a: {
        b: {
            c: {
                d: {
                    e: {
                        f: {
                            '[g][h][i]': 'j'
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
};
var string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">expected</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
            <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
                <span class="pl-c1">d</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
                    <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
                        <span class="pl-c1">f</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
                            <span class="pl-s">'[g][h][i]'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'j'</span>
                        <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
                    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
                <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
            <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
        <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">string</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s">'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">string</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">expected</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">This depth can be overridden by passing a <code>depth</code> option to <code>qs.parse(string, [options])</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">deep</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">depth</span>: <span class="pl-c1">1</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">deep</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'j'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You can configure <strong>qs</strong> to throw an error when parsing nested input beyond this depth using the <code>strictDepth</code> option (defaulted to false):</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="try {
    qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1, strictDepth: true });
} catch (err) {
    assert(err instanceof RangeError);
    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 1 and strictDepth is true');
}"><pre><span class="pl-k">try</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">depth</span>: <span class="pl-c1">1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">strictDepth</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">catch</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-en">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-k">instanceof</span> <span class="pl-v">RangeError</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">strictEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">message</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'Input depth exceeded depth option of 1 and strictDepth is true'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when <strong>qs</strong> is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number. The strictDepth option adds a layer of protection by throwing an error when the limit is exceeded, allowing you to catch and handle such cases.</p>
<p dir="auto">For similar reasons, by default <strong>qs</strong> will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a <code>parameterLimit</code> option:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var limited = qs.parse('a=b&amp;c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">limited</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b&amp;c=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">parameterLimit</span>: <span class="pl-c1">1</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">limited</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you want an error to be thrown whenever a limit is exceeded (eg, <code>parameterLimit</code>, <code>arrayLimit</code>), set the <code>throwOnLimitExceeded</code> option to <code>true</code>. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="try {
    qs.parse('a=1&amp;b=2&amp;c=3&amp;d=4', { parameterLimit: 3, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });
} catch (err) {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Parameter limit exceeded. Only 3 parameters allowed.');
}"><pre><span class="pl-k">try</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=1&amp;b=2&amp;c=3&amp;d=4'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">parameterLimit</span>: <span class="pl-c1">3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">throwOnLimitExceeded</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">catch</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-en">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-k">instanceof</span> <span class="pl-v">Error</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">strictEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">message</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'Parameter limit exceeded. Only 3 parameters allowed.'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">When <code>throwOnLimitExceeded</code> is set to <code>false</code> (default), <strong>qs</strong> will parse up to the specified <code>parameterLimit</code> and ignore the rest without throwing an error.</p>
<p dir="auto">Note that <code>parameterLimit</code> only bounds the number of <code>&amp;</code>-delimited parameters; it does not limit how many values a single parameter expands into. In particular, when <code>comma: true</code> is enabled, a single parameter's value is split on commas into arbitrarily many elements, which <code>parameterLimit</code> does not constrain. Setting <code>throwOnLimitExceeded: true</code> (see <code>arrayLimit</code> below) makes <strong>qs</strong> reject a query string with more than <code>parameterLimit</code> parameters, one that uses an array index of <code>arrayLimit</code> or greater, or one that would produce any array longer than <code>arrayLimit</code>, including an array produced by comma splitting. <code>arrayLimit</code> applies to each array separately, including each parameter's comma-split value, so the total number of values across all parameters can still reach <code>parameterLimit</code> times <code>arrayLimit</code>, which is 20,000 at the default limits; always bound the input size at the transport layer as well (e.g. an HTTP body-size limit).</p>
<p dir="auto">To bypass the leading question mark, use <code>ignoreQueryPrefix</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b&amp;c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });
assert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">prefixed</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'?a=b&amp;c=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">ignoreQueryPrefix</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefixed</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">An optional delimiter can also be passed:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
assert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">delimited</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b;c=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">delimiter</span>: <span class="pl-s">';'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">delimited</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Delimiters can be a regular expression too:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
assert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">regexed</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b;c=d,e=f'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">delimiter</span>: <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-c1">/</span><span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-c1">;</span><span class="pl-c1">,</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-c1">/</span></span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">regexed</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Option <code>allowDots</code> can be used to enable dot notation:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
assert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withDots</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a.b=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowDots</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withDots</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Option <code>decodeDotInKeys</code> can be used to decode dots in keys
Note: it implies <code>allowDots</code>, so <code>parse</code> will error if you set <code>decodeDotInKeys</code> to <code>true</code>, and <code>allowDots</code> to <code>false</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withDots = qs.parse('name%252Eobj.first=John&amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe', { decodeDotInKeys: true });
assert.deepEqual(withDots, { 'name.obj': { first: 'John', last: 'Doe' }});"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withDots</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'name%252Eobj.first=John&amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">decodeDotInKeys</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withDots</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'name.obj'</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">first</span>: <span class="pl-s">'John'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">last</span>: <span class="pl-s">'Doe'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Option <code>allowEmptyArrays</code> can be used to allow empty array values in an object</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withEmptyArrays = qs.parse('foo[]&amp;bar=baz', { allowEmptyArrays: true });
assert.deepEqual(withEmptyArrays, { foo: [], bar: 'baz' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withEmptyArrays</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo[]&amp;bar=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowEmptyArrays</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withEmptyArrays</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">bar</span>: <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Option <code>duplicates</code> can be used to change the behavior when duplicate keys are encountered</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&amp;foo=baz'), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'combine' }), { foo: ['bar', 'baz'] });
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'first' }), { foo: 'bar' });
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo=bar&amp;foo=baz', { duplicates: 'last' }), { foo: 'baz' });"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo=bar&amp;foo=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'bar'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo=bar&amp;foo=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">duplicates</span>: <span class="pl-s">'combine'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'bar'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo=bar&amp;foo=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">duplicates</span>: <span class="pl-s">'first'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-s">'bar'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'foo=bar&amp;foo=baz'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">duplicates</span>: <span class="pl-s">'last'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Note that keys with bracket notation (<code>[]</code>) always combine into arrays, regardless of the <code>duplicates</code> setting:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=1&amp;a=2&amp;b[]=1&amp;b[]=2', { duplicates: 'last' }), { a: '2', b: ['1', '2'] });"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=1&amp;a=2&amp;b[]=1&amp;b[]=2'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">duplicates</span>: <span class="pl-s">'last'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'2'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'1'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'2'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">oldCharset</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=%A7'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">oldCharset</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'§'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Some services add an initial <code>utf8=✓</code> value to forms so that old Internet Explorer versions are more likely to submit the form as utf-8.
Additionally, the server can check the value against wrong encodings of the checkmark character and detect that a query string or <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> body was <em>not</em> sent as utf-8, eg. if the form had an <code>accept-charset</code> parameter or the containing page had a different character set.</p>
<p dir="auto"><strong>qs</strong> supports this mechanism via the <code>charsetSentinel</code> option.
If specified, the <code>utf8</code> parameter will be omitted from the returned object.
It will be used to switch to <code>iso-8859-1</code>/<code>utf-8</code> mode depending on how the checkmark is encoded.</p>
<p dir="auto"><strong>Important</strong>: When you specify both the <code>charset</code> option and the <code>charsetSentinel</code> option, the <code>charset</code> will be overridden when the request contains a <code>utf8</code> parameter from which the actual charset can be deduced.
In that sense the <code>charset</code> will behave as the default charset rather than the authoritative charset.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;a=%C3%B8', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });

// Browsers encode the checkmark as &amp;#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:
var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B&amp;a=%F8', {
    charset: 'utf-8',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">detectedAsUtf8</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;a=%C3%B8'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">charsetSentinel</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">detectedAsUtf8</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'ø'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-c">// Browsers encode the checkmark as &amp;#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:</span>
<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">detectedAsIso8859_1</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&amp;a=%F8'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'utf-8'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">charsetSentinel</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">detectedAsIso8859_1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'ø'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you want to decode the <code>&amp;#...;</code> syntax to the actual character, you can specify the <code>interpretNumericEntities</code> option as well:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    interpretNumericEntities: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">detectedAsIso8859_1</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=%26%239786%3B'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-c1">interpretNumericEntities</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">detectedAsIso8859_1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'☺'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">It also works when the charset has been detected in <code>charsetSentinel</code> mode.</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Parsing Arrays</h3><a id="user-content-parsing-arrays" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Parsing Arrays" href="#parsing-arrays"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><strong>qs</strong> can also parse arrays using a similar <code>[]</code> notation:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b&amp;a[]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withArray</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[]=b&amp;a[]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withArray</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may specify an index as well:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c&amp;a[0]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withIndexes</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[1]=c&amp;a[0]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withIndexes</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number to create an array.
When creating arrays with specific indices, <strong>qs</strong> will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving their order:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b&amp;a[15]=c');
assert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">noSparse</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[1]=b&amp;a[15]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">noSparse</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may also use <code>allowSparse</code> option to parse sparse arrays:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var sparseArray = qs.parse('a[1]=2&amp;a[3]=5', { allowSparse: true });
assert.deepEqual(sparseArray, { a: [, '2', , '5'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">sparseArray</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[1]=2&amp;a[3]=5'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowSparse</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">sparseArray</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'2'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'5'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=&amp;a[]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });

var withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=&amp;a[2]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withEmptyString</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[]=&amp;a[]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withEmptyString</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withIndexedEmptyString</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=&amp;a[2]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withIndexedEmptyString</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto"><strong>qs</strong> will also limit arrays to a maximum of <code>20</code> elements.
Any array members with an index of <code>20</code> or greater will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.
This is needed to handle cases when someone sent, for example, <code>a[999999999]</code> and it will take significant time to iterate over this huge array.</p>
<p dir="auto">Since v6.14.1 and v6.15.2, the arrayLimit now applies to arrays specified using both the <code>[]</code> and <code>[0]</code> syntaxes.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withMaxIndex</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[100]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withMaxIndex</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'100'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">This limit can be overridden by passing an <code>arrayLimit</code> option:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
assert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withArrayLimit</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[1]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayLimit</span>: <span class="pl-c1">0</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withArrayLimit</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'1'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you want to throw an error whenever the array limit is exceeded, set the <code>throwOnLimitExceeded</code> option to <code>true</code>. This option will generate a descriptive error if the query string exceeds a configured limit.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="try {
    qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });
} catch (err) {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Array limit exceeded. Only 0 elements allowed in an array.');
}"><pre><span class="pl-k">try</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[1]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayLimit</span>: <span class="pl-c1">0</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">throwOnLimitExceeded</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">catch</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-en">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-k">instanceof</span> <span class="pl-v">Error</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">strictEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">message</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'Array limit exceeded. Only 0 elements allowed in an array.'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">When <code>throwOnLimitExceeded</code> is set to <code>false</code> (default), <strong>qs</strong> will parse up to the specified <code>arrayLimit</code> and if the limit is exceeded, the array will instead be converted to an object with the index as the key.</p>
<p dir="auto">Note that <code>arrayLimit</code> is a <em>representation</em> threshold that controls when a numerically-indexed collection switches from an array to an object; it is <strong>not</strong> a hard cap on the total number of elements parsed. With the default <code>throwOnLimitExceeded: false</code>, exceeding <code>arrayLimit</code> never rejects or truncates input; it only changes the container type, and the resulting object still holds every element (so its size stays proportional to the input). This conversion is itself a safeguard: it avoids allocating a huge sparse array for input like <code>a[999999999]</code>. If you need a hard limit that rejects oversized arrays in untrusted query strings, set <code>throwOnLimitExceeded: true</code>. <code>throwOnLimitExceeded</code> still limits each array separately, not the total: with <code>comma: true</code>, each comma-separated group under <code>a[]=</code> counts as one element of the outer array, and can itself hold up to <code>arrayLimit</code> elements.</p>
<p dir="auto">To prevent array syntax (<code>a[]</code>, <code>a[0]</code>) from being parsed as arrays, set <code>parseArrays</code> to <code>false</code>.
Note that duplicate keys (e.g. <code>a=b&amp;a=c</code>) may still produce arrays when <code>duplicates</code> is <code>'combine'</code> (the default).</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
assert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">noParsingArrays</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[]=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">parseArrays</span>: <span class="pl-c1">false</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">noParsingArrays</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'0'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you mix notations, <strong>qs</strong> will merge the two items into an object:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b&amp;a[b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">mixedNotation</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[0]=b&amp;a[b]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">mixedNotation</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">'0'</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">When a key appears as both a plain value and an object, <strong>qs</strong> will by default wrap the conflicting values in an array (<code>strictMerge</code> defaults to <code>true</code>):</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c&amp;a=d'), { a: [{ b: 'c' }, 'd'] });
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a=d&amp;a[b]=c'), { a: ['d', { b: 'c' }] });"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[b]=c&amp;a=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=d&amp;a[b]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">To restore the legacy behavior (where the primitive is used as a key with value <code>true</code>), set <code>strictMerge</code> to <code>false</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a[b]=c&amp;a=d', { strictMerge: false }), { a: { b: 'c', d: true } });"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[b]=c&amp;a=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">strictMerge</span>: <span class="pl-c1">false</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">d</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You can also create arrays of objects:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">arraysOfObjects</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[][b]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">arraysOfObjects</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Some people use comma to join array, <strong>qs</strong> can parse it:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">arraysOfObjects</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b,c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">comma</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">arraysOfObjects</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">(<em>this cannot convert nested objects, such as <code>a={b:1},{c:d}</code></em>)</p>
<p dir="auto">With <code>[]</code> or index notation, the values from each comma-separated group stay together as one element of the array, while repeated plain keys flatten into one array:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var nestedGroups = qs.parse('a[]=b,c&amp;a[]=d', { comma: true });
assert.deepEqual(nestedGroups, { a: [['b', 'c'], 'd'] });

var flatGroups = qs.parse('a=b,c&amp;a=d', { comma: true });
assert.deepEqual(flatGroups, { a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">nestedGroups</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a[]=b,c&amp;a[]=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">comma</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">nestedGroups</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">flatGroups</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b,c&amp;a=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">comma</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">flatGroups</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)</h3><a id="user-content-parsing-primitivescalar-values-numbers-booleans-null-etc" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Parsing primitive/scalar values (numbers, booleans, null, etc)" href="#parsing-primitivescalar-values-numbers-booleans-null-etc"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">By default, all values are parsed as strings.
This behavior will not change and is explained in <a href="https://github.com/ljharb/qs/issues/91" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/ljharb/qs/issues/91/hovercard">issue #91</a>.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var primitiveValues = qs.parse('a=15&amp;b=true&amp;c=null');
assert.deepEqual(primitiveValues, { a: '15', b: 'true', c: 'null' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">primitiveValues</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=15&amp;b=true&amp;c=null'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">primitiveValues</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'15'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'true'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'null'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you wish to auto-convert values which look like numbers, booleans, and other values into their primitive counterparts, you can use the <a href="https://github.com/xpepermint/query-types">query-types Express JS middleware</a> which will auto-convert all request query parameters.</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Stringifying</h3><a id="user-content-stringifying" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Stringifying" href="#stringifying"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a href="#preventEval"></a></p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify(object, [options]);"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">object</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s1">options</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">When stringifying, <strong>qs</strong> by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a%5Bb%5D=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">This encoding can be disabled by setting the <code>encode</code> option to <code>false</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });
assert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">unencoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">encode</span>: <span class="pl-c1">false</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">unencoded</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a[b]=c'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Encoding can be disabled for keys by setting the <code>encodeValuesOnly</code> option to <code>true</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var encodedValues = qs.stringify(
    { a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },
    { encodeValuesOnly: true }
);
assert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b&amp;c[0]=d&amp;c[1]=e%3Df&amp;f[0][0]=g&amp;f[1][0]=h');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">encodedValues</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'e=f'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">f</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'g'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'h'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">encodeValuesOnly</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">encodedValues</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span><span class="pl-s">'a=b&amp;c[0]=d&amp;c[1]=e%3Df&amp;f[0][0]=g&amp;f[1][0]=h'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">This encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as <code>encoder</code> option:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`
    return // Return encoded string
}})"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">encoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">encoder</span>: <span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">str</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c">// Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`</span>
    <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Return encoded string</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto"><em>(Note: the <code>encoder</code> option does not apply if <code>encode</code> is <code>false</code>)</em></p>
<p dir="auto">By default, <code>qs.stringify</code> serializes an object of any nesting depth.
For backwards compatibility, and because its input is the caller's own object rather than a query string parsed by <strong>qs</strong>, this is unbounded.
If you serialize objects whose nesting can be influenced by untrusted input, bound it with the numeric <code>depth</code> option (default <code>Infinity</code>);
exceeding it throws a catchable <code>RangeError</code> instead of eventually overflowing the call stack:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="try {
    qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: { d: 'e' } } } }, { depth: 2 });
} catch (err) {
    assert(err instanceof RangeError);
    assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input depth exceeded depth option of 2');
}"><pre><span class="pl-k">try</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">d</span>: <span class="pl-s">'e'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">depth</span>: <span class="pl-c1">2</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">catch</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-en">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-k">instanceof</span> <span class="pl-v">RangeError</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">strictEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">err</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">message</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'Input depth exceeded depth option of 2'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Analogue to the <code>encoder</code> there is a <code>decoder</code> option for <code>parse</code> to override decoding of properties and values:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `x`, `z`
    return // Return decoded string
}})"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">decoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'x=z'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">decoder</span>: <span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">str</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-c">// Passed in values `x`, `z`</span>
    <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Return decoded string</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You can encode keys and values using different logic by using the type argument provided to the encoder:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str, defaultEncoder, charset, type) {
    if (type === 'key') {
        return // Encoded key
    } else if (type === 'value') {
        return // Encoded value
    }
}})"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">encoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">encoder</span>: <span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">str</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">defaultEncoder</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">charset</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">type</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">type</span> <span class="pl-c1">===</span> <span class="pl-s">'key'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Encoded key</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">else</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">type</span> <span class="pl-c1">===</span> <span class="pl-s">'value'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Encoded value</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">The type argument is also provided to the decoder:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str, defaultDecoder, charset, type) {
    if (type === 'key') {
        return // Decoded key
    } else if (type === 'value') {
        return // Decoded value
    }
}})"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">decoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'x=z'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">decoder</span>: <span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">str</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">defaultDecoder</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">charset</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">type</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">type</span> <span class="pl-c1">===</span> <span class="pl-s">'key'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Decoded key</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">else</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">type</span> <span class="pl-c1">===</span> <span class="pl-s">'value'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c">// Decoded value</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity.
Please note that the return values in these cases <em>will</em> be URI encoded during real usage.</p>
<p dir="auto">When arrays are stringified, they follow the <code>arrayFormat</code> option, which defaults to <code>indices</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=c&amp;a[2]=d'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=c&amp;a[2]=d'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may override this by setting the <code>indices</code> option to <code>false</code>, or to be more explicit, the <code>arrayFormat</code> option to <code>repeat</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
// 'a=b&amp;a=c&amp;a=d'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">indices</span>: <span class="pl-c1">false</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a=b&amp;a=c&amp;a=d'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may use the <code>arrayFormat</code> option to specify the format of the output array:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
// 'a[]=b&amp;a[]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
// 'a=b&amp;a=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })
// 'a=b,c'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayFormat</span>: <span class="pl-s">'indices'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[1]=c'</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayFormat</span>: <span class="pl-s">'brackets'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a[]=b&amp;a[]=c'</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayFormat</span>: <span class="pl-s">'repeat'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a=b&amp;a=c'</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">arrayFormat</span>: <span class="pl-s">'comma'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a=b,c'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Note: when using <code>arrayFormat</code> set to <code>'comma'</code>, you can also pass the <code>commaRoundTrip</code> option set to <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, to append <code>[]</code> on single-item arrays, so that they can round trip through a parse.</p>
<p dir="auto">When objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });
// 'a[b][c]=d&amp;a[b][e]=f'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a[b][c]=d&amp;a[b][e]=f'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may override this to use dot notation by setting the <code>allowDots</code> option to <code>true</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });
// 'a.b.c=d&amp;a.b.e=f'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowDots</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a.b.c=d&amp;a.b.e=f'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may encode the dot notation in the keys of object with option <code>encodeDotInKeys</code> by setting it to <code>true</code>:
Note: it implies <code>allowDots</code>, so <code>stringify</code> will error if you set <code>decodeDotInKeys</code> to <code>true</code>, and <code>allowDots</code> to <code>false</code>.
Caveat: when <code>encodeValuesOnly</code> is <code>true</code> as well as <code>encodeDotInKeys</code>, only dots in keys and nothing else will be encoded.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ &quot;name.obj&quot;: { &quot;first&quot;: &quot;John&quot;, &quot;last&quot;: &quot;Doe&quot; } }, { allowDots: true, encodeDotInKeys: true })
// 'name%252Eobj.first=John&amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">"name.obj"</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-s">"first"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"John"</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">"last"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"Doe"</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowDots</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">encodeDotInKeys</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'name%252Eobj.first=John&amp;name%252Eobj.last=Doe'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may allow empty array values by setting the <code>allowEmptyArrays</code> option to <code>true</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify({ foo: [], bar: 'baz' }, { allowEmptyArrays: true });
// 'foo[]&amp;bar=baz'"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">foo</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">bar</span>: <span class="pl-s">'baz'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">allowEmptyArrays</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'foo[]&amp;bar=baz'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a='</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Key with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Properties that are set to <code>undefined</code> will be omitted entirely:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-c1">null</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-c1">undefined</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a='</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">The query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b&amp;c=d');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">addQueryPrefix</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'?a=b&amp;c=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Note that when the output is an empty string, the prefix will not be added:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({}, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">addQueryPrefix</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');"><pre><span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">delimiter</span>: <span class="pl-s">';'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=b;c=d'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you only want to override the serialization of <code>Date</code> objects, you can provide a <code>serializeDate</code> option:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var date = new Date(7);
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));
assert.equal(
    qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),
    'a=7'
);"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">date</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-k">new</span> <span class="pl-v">Date</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">7</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s1">date</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">replace</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-c1">/</span><span class="pl-s">:</span><span class="pl-c1">/</span>g</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'%3A'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>
    <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s1">date</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">serializeDate</span>: <span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">d</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">d</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">getTime</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-s">'a=7'</span>
<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You may use the <code>sort</code> option to affect the order of parameter keys:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {
    return a.localeCompare(b);
}
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c&amp;b=f&amp;z=y');"><pre><span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-en">alphabeticalSort</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">a</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">b</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">a</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">localeCompare</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">b</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">z</span>: <span class="pl-s">'y'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span> : <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">sort</span>: <span class="pl-s1">alphabeticalSort</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=c&amp;b=f&amp;z=y'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Finally, you can use the <code>filter</code> option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.
If you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value.
Otherwise, if you pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
    if (prefix == 'b') {
        // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
        return;
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
        return value.getTime();
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
        return value * 2;
    }
    return value;
}
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });
// 'a=b&amp;c=d&amp;e[f]=123&amp;e[g][0]=4'
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });
// 'a=b&amp;e=f'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });
// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[2]=d'"><pre><span class="pl-k">function</span> <span class="pl-en">filterFunc</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefix</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefix</span> <span class="pl-c1">==</span> <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-c">// Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
    <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefix</span> <span class="pl-c1">==</span> <span class="pl-s">'e[f]'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">getTime</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
    <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefix</span> <span class="pl-c1">==</span> <span class="pl-s">'e[g][0]'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-c1">2</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
    <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">f</span>: <span class="pl-k">new</span> <span class="pl-v">Date</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">123</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">g</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-c1">2</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">filter</span>: <span class="pl-s1">filterFunc</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a=b&amp;c=d&amp;e[f]=123&amp;e[g][0]=4'</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">filter</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'a'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'e'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a=b&amp;e=f'</span>
<span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'c'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'d'</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">e</span>: <span class="pl-s">'f'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">filter</span>: <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-s">'a'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">2</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// 'a[0]=b&amp;a[2]=d'</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You could also use <code>filter</code> to inject custom serialization for user defined types.
Consider you're working with some api that expects query strings of the format for ranges:</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="https://domain.com/endpoint?range=30...70"><pre class="notranslate"><code>https://domain.com/endpoint?range=30...70
</code></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">For which you model as:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="class Range {
    constructor(from, to) {
        this.from = from;
        this.to = to;
    }
}"><pre><span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-v">Range</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
    <span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">from</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">to</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-smi">this</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">from</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">from</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
        <span class="pl-smi">this</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">to</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">to</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You could <em>inject</em> a custom serializer to handle values of this type:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="qs.stringify(
    {
        range: new Range(30, 70),
    },
    {
        filter: (prefix, value) =&gt; {
            if (value instanceof Range) {
                return `${value.from}...${value.to}`;
            }
            // serialize the usual way
            return value;
        },
    }
);
// range=30...70"><pre><span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-c1">range</span>: <span class="pl-k">new</span> <span class="pl-v">Range</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">30</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">70</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
        <span class="pl-en">filter</span>: <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">prefix</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c1">=&gt;</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
            <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">value</span> <span class="pl-k">instanceof</span> <span class="pl-v">Range</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span>
                <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s">`<span class="pl-s1"><span class="pl-kos">${</span><span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">from</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span></span>...<span class="pl-s1"><span class="pl-kos">${</span><span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">to</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span></span>`</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
            <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
            <span class="pl-c">// serialize the usual way</span>
            <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">value</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
        <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span>
    <span class="pl-kos">}</span>
<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-c">// range=30...70</span></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Handling of <code>null</code> values</h3><a id="user-content-handling-of-null-values" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Handling of null values" href="#handling-of-null-values"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">By default, <code>null</code> values are treated like empty strings:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
assert.equal(withNull, 'a=&amp;b=');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">withNull</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-c1">null</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">withNull</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=&amp;b='</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs.
Both are converted to empty strings.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a&amp;b=');
assert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">equalsInsensitive</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a&amp;b='</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">equalsInsensitive</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">To distinguish between <code>null</code> values and empty strings use the <code>strictNullHandling</code> flag. In the result string the <code>null</code>
values have no <code>=</code> sign:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.equal(strictNull, 'a&amp;b=');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">strictNull</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-c1">null</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">strictNullHandling</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">strictNull</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a&amp;b='</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">To parse values without <code>=</code> back to <code>null</code> use the <code>strictNullHandling</code> flag:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a&amp;b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">parsedStrictNull</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a&amp;b='</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">strictNullHandling</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">parsedStrictNull</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-c1">null</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s">''</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">To completely skip rendering keys with <code>null</code> values, use the <code>skipNulls</code> flag:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });
assert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">nullsSkipped</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'b'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">c</span>: <span class="pl-c1">null</span><span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">skipNulls</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">nullsSkipped</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=b'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">If you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to <code>iso-8859-1</code> using the <code>charset</code> option:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">iso</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">æ</span>: <span class="pl-s">'æ'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">iso</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'%E6=%E6'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Characters that don't exist in <code>iso-8859-1</code> will be converted to numeric entities, similar to what browsers do:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">numeric</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'☺'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">numeric</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=%26%239786%3B'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">You can use the <code>charsetSentinel</code> option to announce the character by including an <code>utf8=✓</code> parameter with the proper encoding if the checkmark, similar to what Ruby on Rails and others do when submitting forms.</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });
assert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;a=%E2%98%BA');

var isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&amp;a=%E6');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">sentinel</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'☺'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">charsetSentinel</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">sentinel</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;a=%E2%98%BA'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>

<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">isoSentinel</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'æ'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">charsetSentinel</span>: <span class="pl-c1">true</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>: <span class="pl-s">'iso-8859-1'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">isoSentinel</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&amp;a=%E6'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Dealing with special character sets</h3><a id="user-content-dealing-with-special-character-sets" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Dealing with special character sets" href="#dealing-with-special-character-sets"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">By default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in <code>utf-8</code>, and <code>iso-8859-1</code> support is also built in via the <code>charset</code> parameter.</p>
<p dir="auto">If you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS" rel="nofollow">Shift JIS</a>) you can use the
<a href="https://github.com/martinheidegger/qs-iconv"><code>qs-iconv</code></a> library:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');
var shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });
assert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">encoder</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">require</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'qs-iconv/encoder'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'shift_jis'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">shiftJISEncoded</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">stringify</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'こんにちは！'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">encoder</span>: <span class="pl-s1">encoder</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">equal</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">shiftJISEncoded</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">This also works for decoding of query strings:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');
var obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });"><pre><span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">decoder</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">require</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'qs-iconv/decoder'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'shift_jis'</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">obj</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">qs</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">parse</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I'</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">decoder</span>: <span class="pl-s1">decoder</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span>
<span class="pl-s1">assert</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">deepEqual</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s1">obj</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s">'こんにちは！'</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding</h3><a id="user-content-rfc-3986-and-rfc-1738-space-encoding" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding" href="#rfc-3986-and-rfc-1738-space-encoding"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">RFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to <em>%20</em> which is backward compatible.
In the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');"><pre class="notranslate"><code>assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');
</code></pre></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Security</h2><a id="user-content-security" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Security" href="#security"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">Please email <a href="https://github.com/ljharb">@ljharb</a> or see <a href="https://tidelift.com/security" rel="nofollow">https://tidelift.com/security</a> if you have a potential security vulnerability to report.</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">qs for enterprise</h2><a id="user-content-qs-for-enterprise" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: qs for enterprise" href="#qs-for-enterprise"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription</p>
<p dir="auto">The maintainers of qs and thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source dependencies you use to build your applications.
Save time, reduce risk, and improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact dependencies you use.
<a href="https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-qs?utm_source=npm-qs&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=enterprise&amp;utm_term=repo" rel="nofollow">Learn more.</a></p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Acknowledgements</h2><a id="user-content-acknowledgements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Acknowledgements" href="#acknowledgements"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">qs logo by <a href="https://github.com/numi-hq/open-design">NUMI</a>:</p>
<p dir="auto"><a href="https://numi.tech/?ref=qs" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/numi-hq/open-design/main/assets/numi-lockup.png" alt="NUMI Logo" style="width: 200px; max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
</article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="prc-PageLayout-PaneWrapper-pHPop pr-2" style="--offset-header:0px;--spacing-row:var(--spacing-none);--spacing-column:var(--spacing-none)" data-is-hidden="false" data-position="end"><div class="prc-PageLayout-HorizontalDivider-JLVqp prc-PageLayout-PaneHorizontalDivider-9tbnE" data-component="PageLayout.HorizontalDivider" data-variant-narrow="none" data-variant-regular="none" data-position="end" style="--spacing-divider:var(--spacing-none);--spacing:var(--spacing-none)"></div><div class="prc-PageLayout-Pane-AyzHK" data-component="SplitPageLayout.Pane" style="--spacing:var(--spacing-normal);--pane-min-width:256px;--pane-max-width:calc(100vw - var(--pane-max-width-diff));--pane-width-size:var(--pane-width-large);--pane-width:320px"><!--&--><div class="CodeViewSidebar-module__borderGrid__Lpx5q"><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN hide-sm hide-md border-0"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>About</span></h2><p class="SidebarAbout-module__description__xTkIP prc-Text-Text-9mHv3" data-component="Text">A querystring parser and serializer with nesting support</p><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Topics</span></h3><div class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTagGroup-CPva9"><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/browsers" data-discover="true">browsers</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/encoding" data-discover="true">encoding</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/javascript" data-discover="true">javascript</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/node" data-discover="true">node</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/nodejs" data-discover="true">nodejs</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/parse" data-discover="true">parse</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/querystrings" data-discover="true">querystrings</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/stringify" data-discover="true">stringify</a><a class="prc-TopicTag-TopicTag-LS-jX" href="/topics/url-parsing" data-discover="true">url-parsing</a></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Resources</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="#readme-ov-file"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-book mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path></svg><span>Readme</span></a></div><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="#BSD-3-Clause-1-ov-file"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-law mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8.75.75V2h.985c.304 0 .603.08.867.231l1.29.736c.038.022.08.033.124.033h2.234a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.427l2.111 4.692a.75.75 0 0 1-.154.838l-.53-.53.529.531-.001.002-.002.002-.006.006-.006.005-.01.01-.045.04c-.21.176-.441.327-.686.45C14.556 10.78 13.88 11 13 11a4.498 4.498 0 0 1-2.023-.454 3.544 3.544 0 0 1-.686-.45l-.045-.04-.016-.015-.006-.006-.004-.004v-.001a.75.75 0 0 1-.154-.838L12.178 4.5h-.162c-.305 0-.604-.079-.868-.231l-1.29-.736a.245.245 0 0 0-.124-.033H8.75V13h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.5V3.5h-.984a.245.245 0 0 0-.124.033l-1.289.737c-.265.15-.564.23-.869.23h-.162l2.112 4.692a.75.75 0 0 1-.154.838l-.53-.53.529.531-.001.002-.002.002-.006.006-.016.015-.045.04c-.21.176-.441.327-.686.45C4.556 10.78 3.88 11 3 11a4.498 4.498 0 0 1-2.023-.454 3.544 3.544 0 0 1-.686-.45l-.045-.04-.016-.015-.006-.006-.004-.004v-.001a.75.75 0 0 1-.154-.838L2.178 4.5H1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.234a.249.249 0 0 0 .125-.033l1.288-.737c.265-.15.564-.23.869-.23h.984V.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm2.945 8.477c.285.135.718.273 1.305.273s1.02-.138 1.305-.273L13 6.327Zm-10 0c.285.135.718.273 1.305.273s1.02-.138 1.305-.273L3 6.327Z"></path></svg><span>BSD-3-Clause license</span></a></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Code of conduct</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/ljharb/qs#coc-ov-file" data-discover="true"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code-of-conduct mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8.048 2.241c.964-.709 2.079-1.238 3.325-1.241a4.616 4.616 0 0 1 3.282 1.355c.41.408.757.86.996 1.428.238.568.348 1.206.347 1.968 0 2.193-1.505 4.254-3.081 5.862-1.496 1.526-3.213 2.796-4.249 3.563l-.22.163a.749.749 0 0 1-.895 0l-.221-.163c-1.036-.767-2.753-2.037-4.249-3.563C1.51 10.008.007 7.952.002 5.762a4.614 4.614 0 0 1 1.353-3.407C3.123.585 6.223.537 8.048 2.24Zm-1.153.983c-1.25-1.033-3.321-.967-4.48.191a3.115 3.115 0 0 0-.913 2.335c0 1.556 1.109 3.24 2.652 4.813C5.463 11.898 6.96 13.032 8 13.805c.353-.262.758-.565 1.191-.905l-1.326-1.223a.75.75 0 0 1 1.018-1.102l1.48 1.366c.328-.281.659-.577.984-.887L9.99 9.802a.75.75 0 1 1 1.019-1.103l1.384 1.28c.295-.329.566-.661.81-.995L12.92 8.7l-1.167-1.168c-.674-.671-1.78-.664-2.474.03-.268.269-.538.537-.802.797-.893.882-2.319.843-3.185-.032-.346-.35-.693-.697-1.043-1.047a.75.75 0 0 1-.04-1.016c.162-.191.336-.401.52-.623.62-.748 1.356-1.637 2.166-2.417Zm7.112 4.442c.313-.65.491-1.293.491-1.916v-.001c0-.614-.088-1.045-.23-1.385-.143-.339-.357-.633-.673-.949a3.111 3.111 0 0 0-2.218-.915c-1.092.003-2.165.627-3.226 1.602-.823.755-1.554 1.637-2.228 2.45l-.127.154.562.566a.755.755 0 0 0 1.066.02l.794-.79c1.258-1.258 3.312-1.31 4.594-.032.396.394.792.791 1.173 1.173Z"></path></svg><span>Code of conduct</span></a></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Contributing</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="#contributing-ov-file"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-people mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2 5.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 5.898 2.549 5.508 5.508 0 0 1 3.034 4.084.75.75 0 1 1-1.482.235 4 4 0 0 0-7.9 0 .75.75 0 0 1-1.482-.236A5.507 5.507 0 0 1 3.102 8.05 3.493 3.493 0 0 1 2 5.5ZM11 4a3.001 3.001 0 0 1 2.22 5.018 5.01 5.01 0 0 1 2.56 3.012.749.749 0 0 1-.885.954.752.752 0 0 1-.549-.514 3.507 3.507 0 0 0-2.522-2.372.75.75 0 0 1-.574-.73v-.352a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-.672A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 11 5.5.75.75 0 0 1 11 4Zm-5.5-.5a2 2 0 1 0-.001 3.999A2 2 0 0 0 5.5 3.5Z"></path></svg><span>Contributing</span></a></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Security policy</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="#security-ov-file"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-shield-lock mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m8.533.133 5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM9.5 6.5c0 .536-.286 1.032-.75 1.3v2.45a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V7.8A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 9.5 6.5Z"></path></svg><span>Security policy</span></a></div><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/ljharb/qs/activity" data-discover="true"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-pulse mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M6 2c.306 0 .582.187.696.471L10 10.731l1.304-3.26A.751.751 0 0 1 12 7h3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.742l-1.812 4.528a.751.751 0 0 1-1.392 0L6 4.77 4.696 8.03A.75.75 0 0 1 4 8.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.742l1.812-4.529A.751.751 0 0 1 6 2Z"></path></svg><span>Activity</span></a></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Stars</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><span class="SidebarAbout-module__socialStat__nnJPx"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-star mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><strong>8.9k</strong> stars</span></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Watchers</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><span class="SidebarAbout-module__socialStat__nnJPx"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-eye mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 2c1.981 0 3.671.992 4.933 2.078 1.27 1.091 2.187 2.345 2.637 3.023a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0 1.798c-.45.678-1.367 1.932-2.637 3.023C11.67 13.008 9.981 14 8 14c-1.981 0-3.671-.992-4.933-2.078C1.797 10.83.88 9.576.43 8.898a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0-1.798c.45-.677 1.367-1.931 2.637-3.022C4.33 2.992 6.019 2 8 2ZM1.679 7.932a.12.12 0 0 0 0 .136c.411.622 1.241 1.75 2.366 2.717C5.176 11.758 6.527 12.5 8 12.5c1.473 0 2.825-.742 3.955-1.715 1.124-.967 1.954-2.096 2.366-2.717a.12.12 0 0 0 0-.136c-.412-.621-1.242-1.75-2.366-2.717C10.824 4.242 9.473 3.5 8 3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path></svg><strong>71</strong> watching</span></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Forks</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/ljharb/qs/forks" data-discover="true"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg><span><strong>938</strong></span><span> forks</span></a></div><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fljharb%2Fqs&amp;report=ljharb+%28user%29" data-discover="true"><span>Report repository</span></a></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Releases</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Sponsor this project</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Used by</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Contributors</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Languages</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div></div><!--/&--></div><div class="prc-PageLayout-VerticalDivider-9QRmK prc-PageLayout-PaneVerticalDivider-le57g" data-component="PageLayout.VerticalDivider" data-variant-narrow="none" data-variant-regular="none" data-position="end" style="--spacing:var(--spacing-none)"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ScrollMarksContainer-module__scrollMarksContainer__Eu7uU" id="find-result-marks-container"></div><div class="d-none"></div><div class="d-none"></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div>
</react-app>




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      data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
      data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;footer&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;cookies&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;subfooter&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;cookies_link_subfooter_footer&quot;}"
    >
      Manage cookies
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  </cookie-consent-link>
</li>

  <li class="mx-2">
    <cookie-consent-link>
      <button
        type="button"
        class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent text-left"
        data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
        data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;footer&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;dont_share_info&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;subfooter&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;dont_share_info_link_subfooter_footer&quot;}"
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  <div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden>
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</svg>
    <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
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    <template id="site-details-dialog">
  <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open>
    <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary>
    <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal">
      <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog>
        <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>
      <div class="octocat-spinner tmp-my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div>
    </details-dialog>
  </details>
</template>

    <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;">
  <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;">
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</div>

    <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2 tmp-m-2">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2 tmp-m-2">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>




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    <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div>
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